Return to colliding atoms
A successful attempt to use the ancient colliding elementary units to
explain our observations is reported. The regular arrangements of plastic collision
events provide the basis for the conservation or self-regeneration of photons
and massive particles, bodies.
The mass of
electron constructed of twenty-seven collisions directly correlated to the
masses of nuclei through the number of collision events in their systems, also
the mirroring of the special surface arrangement in the electron – associated
with the property of electrical charge – causes mass defects in the nuclei.
Excess collision events relative to the more regular arrangements appear to be
protrusions on the surface of spherical systems and the neutron absorption
cross-sections are directly correlated to their numbers. The abundance of
elements and isotopes follows from their locations on the shells, formed by the
collision events: more regular collision path – more abundant element.
A new
fundamental parameter is being proposed, the density of spontaneous collisions
in the deep space. The variations of this parameter – due to the presence of
massive bodies – is shown to result the effects described by the General
Relativity. However, the conclusion follows that the supernovae events limit
the possibility of mass concentration in a single system, and the galactic
nuclei observations explained as “super-massive black holes” must be caused by
systems of neutron stars instead. No black holes and there was no big bang, but
the Hubble redshift is a result of the conservation energy, consumed by the
background spontaneous collision field in exchange for conserving the collision
system by rearrangement of spontaneous collisions into regular systems. The
photon energy loss and the gravitational background substance deformation are
shown to be the same effects, governed by a decay-analogy half-life constant,
related to the energy loss of photons.
A connection between the fundamental constants reveals the unity
of electrical charge and mass-energy, also a new form-factor is introduced,
shown by the shape of nuclei, constructed of collision patterns.
Philosophical
roots
Lucretius writes in the poem “On the nature of things”
[1] “… The first beginnings are
driven and tormented by blows during infinite time past … fall into
arrangements such as out of which this our sum of things has been formed…,… has been thrown into the appropriate motions, and
causes … to renew its produce…” (Book I 1008])
“…the first beginnings which are of solid
singleness, when they pass through empty void … must … surpass in velocity …
the light of the sun, and race through many times the extent of space in the
same time in which the beams of sun fill the heaven throughout.” (Book II 14])
Our basis, the field of existence could be
considered a void space and a multitude of infinitely small and infinitely high
speed elementary building units, first beginnings being in it or flying through
it. Such an interpretation is equivalent to the pure existence, because there
is no place where we could be able to define any of these elements, ever. Now
we see a possibility of a higher level of existence, the existence with
qualities: the high speed vectors may collide and the place of the collisions
is describable, also the event of collision effects the direction of collided
elementary building units, therefore any next expected collisions will be
effected by the accomplished collision event itself.
If the interpretation of the basis is correct, then
all the objects are nothing else but the progressions, chains of collision
events. Two preceding collision events through the change of directions of the collided elementary building units may
cause a collision and serve as means of self-support for the observable
objects.
Regular
collision pattern systems
The regular collision systems are spherical surface
objects constructed by continuous collision path. The smallest collision path
for the ability to self-sustain has to contain two collisions, which is
identified with the photons. The simplest collision path element distinguished
by regularity is a hexagonal path in a plane. Tilting and rotating that plane
from one collision to the other through
each one in the plane until it returns to the start gives a total number of
collisions and a special shape of the spherical regular object, comparable to
the observations. The special shape is like a sphere with two opposing hats cut
off around 3/4 of the radius and the number of elements in the shell is
calculated as N = 6 + 5*4 = 26. The same regularity can be continued enclosing
the hexagon in a twelve-sided polygon and rotate and tilt that plane the same
way, through each position.
Figure 1. Neutron Side View
A
multi-layer shell structure could be represented by the total elements, including
one central collision and the shells as above, with about the same distances
between the collisions. Such regular structure with closed s shells will
contain N(s) elements, calculated as:
(1)
Assuming that the electron is the s=1 closed shell
object and its rest-mass corresponds to the 27 collision events, calculated
from equation (1), we obtain a tool which could be used to calculate the number
of collision elements from the rest-mass of nuclei. Also, from the geometry of
objects follows that a new property will arise at the shell six, because at
that extent the initial hexagon could be inscribed between the centre and the
outer layer. Comparing the neutron and proton masses to the electron’s
rest-mass we find that these have a slightly larger number of collision
elements then the closed sixth shell. Strangely enough, a quite regular number
of elements is found in excess at the neutron, exactly 208 hexagons or 13 chains of 96 elements,
or the polygon of the fifth shell, the one below the surface. The proton
reveals even more: it has 6 chains of 192 collisions
– or 192 hexagons – plus 27
elements. The nucleus with a unit of charge shows the number of elements in an
electron as excess collisions… The same is repeated at the closing of the next
shell. The alpha particle or Helium-4 nucleus has 5 chains of 384 collisions
(shell seventh polygon) and 51 elements are missing. The extras over eq. (1) could be represented as
(2)
The remaining after the chains elements D
are associated with the charge of the nuclei. The decreasing number of chains
with the increase of shells indicates that the twelfth shell could not exist.
In fact, the tenth shell does not have a stable closing element since we find
that the closing nuclei of shells has the following masses:
(3)
These very first introductions to the new nuclear
structure should leave the impression that we found something. The stable
nuclei start at the sixth shell where we expected, the explanation of the end
of the heavy nuclei and the regularities in the masses of nuclei are at least
interesting. Let’s look into some more details, like how about the abundance and the affinity to the
neutrons? How these two properties relate to the structure and to each other?
Observations compared to the
fine shell structure of nuclei
1. Neutron absorption
cross-sections
The thermal neutron absorption cross sections of
stable isotopes were compared to the number of excess elements of this novel
fine shell structure calculated from the rest mass data. A qualitative,
graphical comparison is presented for the entire stable element data.
The atomic weight data was transferred into a
spread sheet and recalculated into element numbers, representing the nucleus
using the 0.000020317768226 amu = 1 element.
(4)
The proposed fine shell structure is composed of
four elements:
Regular filled-up enclosed shell structure
calculated as per equation (1)
Regular additional parts of shell, each
representing 3/4*(28)2 =3/4*2562 = 49152 elements
Extra chains x of
96 elements – or x groups of 16 hexagons
Remaining excess
elements, corresponding to the cross section values.
The unknown x
and excess values were defined using
the calculated from the rest mass total number of elements Nm(ZA)
(equation (4)) and the x value was
tuned using graphical representation of neutron cross section to match the
resulting excess to the cross section
log values.
(5)
The end product of this process – using integer
values for x – is represented on Figure 2. The light blue coloured curve is the
x value, the number of chains of 96 elements and the dark blue curve – following
the neutron capture data – is the excess. What is really surprising that there
are no contradictions.
Figure 2.
Neutron absorption cross-section and excess elements
It was assumed that the 27+2*96=219 excess elements of proton –
Hydrogen-1 nucleus - cause the sum of radiative capture and resonance integral
thermal neutron cross section value
observed and the equation was found to calculate this precisely for all the isotopes:
(6)
The surprising results - obtained with steps of
full 96 element chains - tell us that the excess numbers calculated correlate
to the cross-sections. Following this finding the position on the shells was
also considered and additional regularities identified. The fractions of shell are correlated to the
peaks of absorption cross sections: the locations just after and before some
odd part or between two quite regular parts results in the largest cross
sections. It is consistent with the ‘protrusion’ interpretation: just before or
after a smooth, filled surface the missing or the extra parts seem ‘protruding’
or form grooves, both presenting an obstruction to the lose chain object of a
neutron, capturing it more easily.
2. Abundances
After the neutron affinity we should review the
question of “binding energy” or empirical mass deficit. As far as we can tell,
the nuclei behave very normal way. When the parts could be added, they are
added, the parts are of a very regular number of
collision events: 3/4*(28)2 =3/4*2562
= 49152.
To be exact from
eq. (1): a closed no. 7 shell object (He4) contains 195087 elements and
after the 12 parts placed the shell no. 8 object (O16)
contains 783377 collisions. It is 1534 elements less (or
but 2 elements two chains of 768) then it should be with complete 49152
elements parts! The same at the closing of shell no. 9 (Zn64, Ni64) after the 48 parts
placed: 3139603. It is 3070 elements less (or but 2 elements two chains of
1536) then it should be with complete 49152 elements parts! So the steps of two
chains at the closing are only indications that from now on the new closed
structure is calculated as a basis. The
difference of excess elements and the deficit due to the different from ideal
49152 elements per parts is an indicator of the abundance. The same specific
explains the drop of abundance after the iron peak. The shell is already
filled-up around A=60, no
additional parts could be fitted, only with lower probability.
Figure 3. Excess elements and
abundance
The excess element number on Figure 3 – blue data set – shows that the drops or flat portions are
correlated to the maximums of abundances – shown with brown curve – for every
element. The sharp rises in the excess element numbers indicate the transitions
from shell #7 to #8 and from #8 to #9. The rises correspond to two surface
chains (less two elements).
3. Missing nuclei A=5 & A=8,
heavy nuclei after Bismuth
There is another known
characteristic, which could be explained here. The low abundance region (see
Figure 3) between 4 < A < 12, the 2/3-rd of shell #8. A=5 and A=8 nuclei
are missing and there is a very low abundance all of the nuclei between Helium-4
(alpha particle) and Carbon-12. The later atom is selected for the atomic mass
unit scale, as the best defined. These extremely regular nuclei of He4 and C12
limit a range of low abundance or missing nuclei. It could be a good test for
the new fine structure shell model, if we could present an explanation, what
the Standard Model failed to accomplish.
In our model the simple
explanation is that the first 2/3-rd of the shell will slip-off from the very
smooth surface of the alpha particle, as this also indicated by the abundance
of alpha-emitter isotopes. At the 2/3-rd of the new shell, at the C12 nucleus
an entire new shell surface already present, preventing the access to the
alpha-particle nucleus inside; keeping it inside even after blows from
bombarding particles or photons. Now
let’s look at the individual nuclei one by one in this region. The missing,
unstable A=5 – one part, 256 chains of 192 – or 64 chains of this surface of
768 elements just could not fit into the missing and to be forced in 51 places.
It is less then one for each chain. And there is no other shell where the
elements has to be forced into the places of missing elements just the #7, all
others have excess elements, readily available to join the new parts. For
example the proton have at 27 locations a total of 219 protruding elements for
joining three parts.
The next nuclei A=6 Li6 – well
known for the possible splitting into alpha particle and T-3 after being hit by
a neutron or even by a proton, and could even fall into smaller pieces, releasing
the surface elements as neutrons. Also, there is a fusion reaction with D-2,
resulting in two He4 nuclei. Which is understandable from our model: the outer
layer easily separated from the smooth surface of alpha particle. About the same is true about the next stable
isotope Li7, just there is a possible fusion with proton as well as with
neutron, resulting in two He4 nuclei. The next A=8 nucleus missing again. It is
a real embarrassment to the Standard Model, because it supposed to be a regular
structure. Well, the outer layers equal to the core mass on the surface of
smooth alpha particle becomes unstable and copies the underlying He-4 nuclei,
falls apart real fast, in our new representation.
Be9 is an interesting nucleus
again: it is used to produce neutrons, because if it is irradiated by alpha
particle, its own core is knocked out and the remaining outer shell collapses
into another alpha particle and releases a neutron. Which is perfectly
understandable from the fine shell structure basis. Also, Be9 is used as an
excellent reflector of neutrons, because it would not hold-up the neutron, but
will reflect or relieves it, will not rearrange the outer layer. At this
heavier weight of the outer shell the neutron has little chance to drag-off the
outer layer from the core, not like at the lighter lithium isotopes. The next
nuclei on the other hand are really hungry for neutron: B10 is used to regulate
the long-term neutron economy in the nuclear reactors. It indicates that for a
more regular surface arrangement need more chains to be added. B11 is a prelude
to the finale. Ultimately we reach the C12 at 2/3-rd and C13 at 3/4 of the
shell: both are extremely regular and fully closed shapes, however the shell
will be closed only at O16. The protrusions after the smooth regular surface
are indicated by N14’s neutron absorption characteristics, what the next part
will cover and N15 shows lower cross-section.
The last shell has an interesting
feature also. The radioactive elements valley after the Bismuth 209, where only
four isotopes could be named stable, Th232, U234,235,238. The Pb-208 is at the
3/4 of shell no. 10. The number of excess elements at Zn & Ni64, the
closing of shell no.9 is found to be enough for the connecting of about 3/4 of
the next shell. It explains the location and the existence of this valley.
Connecting the photons and the
nuclei of atoms
From a phenomenological stand point if one expects
an energy loss caused by the distance, or corresponding time of the photon
progression – based on the observed phenomena of
the Hubble redshift –, the change of energy of the photon
could be described as a change of frequency in time:
(7)
The energy loss of the photon for a duration dt, the power of conservation from the photon at time t:
(8)
And the expected Hubble redshift
(9)
The new fundamental constant introduced here Hd
or Hubble wavelength doubling time constant, photon energy half life – using the
radioactive decay analogy – can be defined experimentally by following the
change of the frequency of photons in time or checking the frequency shift of
the photons arriving from the emitters located at known distances. The latest
technique is essentially the same that Hubble used when he made his discovery,
or the same as the Pioneer anomaly observation. Also, we will see that there is
a connection between the fundamental constants, so the photon half-life can be
calculated from known fundamental parameters, using a new physics, our new representation of matter’s
structure.
The energy loss is called “conservation power”
because part of the present energy of the photon is used-up to preserve the
photon. This is the new physical principle. There is an exchange between the
transfer medium and the transferred photon: the photon is being transferred for
the expense of a small part of its energy. The question arises: are there other
exchanges between the medium and the objects? There is one more known process,
the gravitational deformation of ‘space-time’ frame, described brilliantly by
Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. If we can find a connection
between the massive bodies, causing gravitational deformation and photon energy
loss, we can connect the fundamental constants. If there is a mass equivalent
photon, its gravitational deformation and conservation powers are equal:
(10)
The mass equivalent photon frequency can be defined
from a special representation of the structure of photons and particles as:
(11)
The equation (11)
indicates that the photon, when it could be called a “mass-equivalent photon”,
contains 2 of the constructing elements where the electron’s rest-mass contains
27. It is the same constructing element that represents a density of r0
for the medium where the photon is transferred in and can be called a “virtual
mass density”, or using a more familiar term: “virtual photon density”. If we
can define the value of this density, we will be able to connect the photon
half-life with the other fundamental constants. Here is the list of fundamental
constants used in this study:
Speed of light: 
Planck constant: 
Gravitational constant: 
Mass of electron: 
We will also use the ‘average
nuclear matter density rnu’ with a
novel ‘multiplication factor mf’ to define the basic transfer medium
density. It is known in nuclear physics that nuclear matter density is constant
for the nuclei with A>= 27 atomic mass unit sizes. The new physics proposed
here views the constructing elements of photons and particles as collision
events between the elements of an underlying substance. The spontaneous
collision density of r0 was
used in the gravitational power determination for the virtual mass density. And
there is a ratio expected between the collision elements produced in a massive
body and the collision density of the basis indicating that one element of the
basis can produce only a limited (mf)
number of elements in a nuclei. It is suggested by the constant nuclear matter
density onset at larger masses.
While Equation (1) correctly describes the number
of elements inside the object the rest mass data
indicates that there is a regular excess amount of elements on the
surface, resulting in some extras even over a square of the chains’ elements
(3*2s)2. This results almost two additional chains, than
the calculated number of elements on the surface according to Equation (1). In
light of this finding, the onset of regular nuclear matter density is thought
to have a relation to the number of elements on the surface, forming a boundary
layer between the nuclear type object and the basis. The indicated A= 27 is
slightly more than the 3/16 of shell s = 9, which would be at A=25. It could be
shown that if two of surface elements are created from the background
substance, then the regular pattern assures that all the elements of the
boundary layer are produced from that two. Therefore, the multiplication factor
is – equal to the half number of elements in the boundary layer – following from
that regular location on the shell s = 9, where is the regularity of the
observed constant density starts:
Interesting
to note that another observation “brilliantly” collaborates this value: the
location of C13, the heavier isotope of carbon, the most regular crystal
forming element on the shell s=8 is at 3/4 – or the Germanium 73 on the shell
s=10 could be seen as one more similar object, (however at this point the
nucleus is too large and it shows a high neutron absorption), but the same
multiplication factor could be written as:
To calculate the nuclear density we can use the
nuclear radius multiplier R(A) = 1.42 A1/3, defined in fm/amu1/3,
and the coefficient of conversion between the atomic mass units and standard
mass 1.6605655 x 10-27 kg/amu. We can calculate the volume of a
sphere representing the nuclei and obtain the density as:
However figure 1. represents the real shape of a
nuclei, constructed of collision event nets. It has two hats cut-off at about
the 75% of radius and the volume included has to be corrected.
After combining and rearranging the equations, we
obtain for the Hubble wavelength-doubling constant, which could also be called
photon energy half-life:
(12)
The new fundamental constant shows that it takes
about four and a quarter
billion years of continuous uninterrupted progression for the photon to lose
half of its energy. In cosmology we see in the z=1 redshift value objects that
they are about 4.2 billion light years away.
According to this theory, the connection between
nuclear density and photon half-life constants is exact and involves other
known fundamental constants. It allows a very simple way to falsify it: refine
the already measured values.
(13)
The photon half-life constant could be compared to
the traditional Hubble constant after we define the tired light caused Hubble
redshift law for small distances, light-times. The first test of this new
finding and the validity of our representation will be done in the following
comparison to the Pioneer anomaly and to the results of Key Project.
Experimental verification
of tired light cause of Hubble redshift
From a photon energy loss cause of Hubble redshift
view-point one would expect to see the redshift observed in the Doppler data of
a distant spacecraft to be a sum of the two causes: the Doppler cause and the
distance cause.
(14)
Figure 4. Pioneer 10 Doppler
residuals: observed Doppler velocity minus modeled Doppler velocity,
represented in frequency Hz, (lower then expected and lowering with distance
pitch or excess redshift) with Hd=4.234 Gyr (aqua line) Hubble redshift
The anomalous part of the Pioneer Doppler
observation [2] can be the Hubble redshift, (taking the t approaches 0 limit of
Equation (9)):
(15)
This results in exact correlations of the observed
anomalous acceleration to the Hubble constant in the conventional
representation, and to the Hubble wavelength doubling time constant in the new
photon energy loss representation:
(16)
From the theoretical photon half-life value an
anomalous acceleration of aP=7.787x10-10
m/s2 and a conventional Hubble constant Ho=162 km/s/Mpc was
calculated.
Figure 5. Hubble constants from
Key Project. The red line shows the Hd=4.234 Gyr corresponding Ho=162 km/s/Mpc
conventional
The report [3]
indicates a traditional Hubble constant Ho = 72 +/-8 km/s/Mpc value, which
which is less then half of the results of Pioneer study as well as of the
virtually identical to that result of present theoretical evaluation. However
in the Key Project report there is a trend could be identified for larger
distances: the supernovae Ia values overestimate the distances as much as
three-four times, what could be the cause of lower reported range of Hubble
constant compared to the found in the Pioneer data and resulted from our
theoretical evaluation close the 160 value. Figure 5 contains the summary figure of
the Final Results [3] with
the indication of a linear approximation for the theoretical Hd
In summary, a conclusion can be drawn that the
thirty years old small and distant Pioneer 10 spacecraft provided evidence of a
fundamental property of matter overlooked before: the photons lose their energy
in a regular manner. The values observed fit well with theoretical evaluation
introduced here and twice the observed Hubble constants recently reported from
the Key Project. It also puts the new values for the linear approximation at
about 1/3 of Edwin Hubble’s (500 km/s/Mpc) and about three times the recently
most used around 50 km/s/Mpc value, or about in the middle.
The author aware of the fact that the introduced
here theory is a variation of the so-called “tired light” theories of Zwicky
(1929) [4]; Hubble & Tolman(1935) [5]; Hubble (1936) [6]; Maric et al.
(1977) [7]; Chow (1977) [8]; La Violette (1986) [9] which were all brushed
aside in favour of the big bang theory. It was possible because all lacked a
testable new physical principle to explain the observed effect and there were
other observations introduced allegedly supporting the big bang theory. The
most commonly used observation based arguments to support the superiority of
big bang theory over the tired light theory are:
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation – is a sign
of the decoupling of EM radiation from the matter after the big bang. – The new
understanding of photon energy loss expects such radiation to come from the
distant regions of the Universe and carry information about the average star
and interstellar material density.
The observed abundances of chemical elements could
be explained only on the basis of big bang nucleosynthesis. – The collision
structure of nuclei requires regularities to develop and define the abundances,
which are in excellent agreement with the observed.
Lately a statistical distance function regularity
in the type Ia supernovae decay time curve width – alleged time dilation – also
introduced [10] to argue the existence of the alleged recessive motion, remnant
of the big bang origin. – The new physics does not allow for such regularities
to develop, representing the infinite Universe as eternal and uniform. The
reported results could be contributed to the simple fact that more powerful
wider decay curve supernovae were more likely to detect and observe with the
increase of the distance.
The modified to exponential Hubble law will require
some re-evaluations and the investigated global, redshift based features in the
views of distant galaxies, the alleged evolutionary characteristics will
disappear and a homogeneous, constant on large-scale picture will be realised. Finally, the proposed Hubble
wavelength doubling time constant could be easily measured directly. A similar
to the Pioneer set-up passive transponder system or a series of mirrors and
laser set-up with considerable time of signal travel will do.
Properties of ether, measuring
rods and clocks
From the defined density of spontaneous collisions
we can calculate the volume associated to one collision event, after translated
the mass units to collisions, using again the 27 collisions in one electron’s
rest-mass.
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
Equation (19) shows the minimum distance in the
“constituted space” or the “measuring rod”, and equation (20) defines the
“constituted duration” or the “clock”. Our representation provided the standards
of space and time, as Einstein – or even Newton – envisioned.
The spontaneous collision density and the derived
from it discrete distance and time limits represent a continuously present
average collision event density. If there were collisions on average every 3.66
fm, the next collisions will be within that distance, also. Surprisingly, the
average distance between two concurrent collisions is less than any of the
nuclear diameters, found
in the nature. Like the continuous collision presence inside the nuclei is
assured, regardless of movement of the nuclei. It is the precondition for
stability at very low temperatures or in absence of Brown movement.
The gravitational potential of the field can be
represented as the increase of density of spontaneous collisions.
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
Considering the virtual mass density at the surface
of a nuclear type object we get an equation defining the mass and radius of
such objects (neutron stars):
(26)
Figure 6. The resulting
'Daisy-petal' graph of neutron star mass vs. radius
Figure 6
The resulting 'Daisy-petal' graph of neutron star mass vs. radius
A gravitational pull force could be expressed
between m1 larger mass body and m2 smaller mass orbiting the larger at r
distance with v2 tangential velocity body:
(27)
Three large mass neutron star samples (‘normal’,
max mass and max radius) of changing fundamental parameters and pull force for
a small body with insignificant orbital velocity are shown on the following
graphs:
Figure 7. Graphs of ‘space-time
frame’ deformations
The last graphs very much describe the ‘space-time
deformation’ near massive bodies. A new predictive feature could be seen in the
decrease of pull force near the maximum mass neutron star’s surface. This
feature by itself explains the supernovae and so called ‘black hole’
observations.
Charge elements, Noble gases
I have to admit that the s=1
closed object with a central element, calculated from equation (1) is not the
electron. It could be a neutrino, but the electron has to be a surface object
with some special features, recognizable by other objects as the charge. I went
back to the drawing board and produced the following special arrangements from
a regular triangle. The way these drawings were produced was similar to
the regular shells, rotating and tilting the plane, just this time nine times
and using a triangle for basic polygon.
Let see now the trajectory of collisions in this
electron:
Figure 8. Trajectory of
collisions in an electron
The locations for the 27
collisions in an electron share the front position for all three of them, resulting
in 25 places. At the noble gases I found a missing of charge features by a
regularity 1.5Z, or 3 charge features at 2He, 15 charge features missing at
10Ne and so on. The loss of charge features is indicated by the lowered charge
numbers at closing of shell #9 28Ni64 and 30Zn64, also the same results a more
regular, symmetrical arrangement of charge features at noble gases.
Fundamental parameters
The connection between
photons and particles represented in equation (11) is based on the assumption
that there is a smooth transition from the photons to the massive bodies with a
mass-equivalent photon at the border. The photons are two collision systems
with intervals of existence and voids between them. The mass equivalent
photon’s frequency is defined from the electron’s rest mass as:
(11a)
The same frequency must result for the basic
condition of the substance carrying an element of mass:
(11b)
The radius of this progressing with the speed of
light sphere of the mass-equivalent photon:
(11c)
It is found that the radius of mass-equivalent
photon and the radius of electron shell in the normal level of Bohr’s Hydrogen
is related to each other as a0=2prg*corr.
The 0.7479873 value in the corrective term could be
interpreted that the lost due to the overlap of three positions in the system
of 27 were sensed for some duration over the quarter of the time. The resulting
equation for the elementary charge reveals that the corrective term is
necessary to account for the covered charge elements, overlap of position.
(28)
When using this elementary charge in the equation
for the inverse fine structure constant we get:
(29)
Also, the Rydberg constant relates to the
mass-equivalent photon frequency as:
(30)
With these representations of the
fundamental constants the colliding atoms representation gave a complete
coherent picture of everything. The ancient atoms returned – but only their
collisions are important.
References
[1] Lucretius: On the nature of things The Great Books 12. ISBN
0-85229-163-9 pp.13-17
[2] Anderson et al., Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer
10 and 11 - LA-UR-00-5654 http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/0104064
[3] Freedman W. L. et al., Final Results from
the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0012376
[4] Zwicky, F. 1929, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 15,
773
[5] Hubble E. and Tolman R.C., Two methods of investigating the nature of nebular red-shift – Bibcode: 1935ApJ....82..302H